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How to use Looker Studio

Work with fields in reports

Learn how dimensions and metrics work in your reports.
This article describes how dimensions and metrics are handled in reports. It may be helpful to also read about how to model your data before or after reading this article.

In Looker Studio, a chart displays data from one or more fields. These fields are the dimensions and metrics provided by the data source attached to that chart. How the data appears depends on the type of chart and how you've styled it.

In this article:

How data appears in your charts

In tables, the data appears in rows and columns, such as in this example based on a Google Analytics data source:

Browser Sessions Avg. Session Duration Bounce Rate
Chrome 3,340 00:03:35 22.90%
Safari 209 00:02:33 15.79%
Firefox 202 00:02:20 19.80%
Internet Explorer 64 00:02:21 17.19%
Edge 37 00:05:37 16.22%
...      

In Cartesian charts, dimensions are typically laid out along the horizontal (X) axis, while metrics values provide the vertical (Y) axis positioning. In a time series, the date range dimension provides the X axis and a breakdown dimension provides the data series.

Two charts: A column chart with web browser types on the X axis and session count on the Y axis, and a time series chart with dates on the X axis and session counts on the Y axis.

In a pie chart, a dimension defines the number of segments, while a metric determines the size of each segment.

Geo charts use a dimension that contains geographic information (such as a country code, latitude and longitude, or Google Ads Criteria ID) to display your data on a map. The relative values of the metric determine the intensity of color on the chart, as show in this example showing that the majority of website sessions occurred in the United States:

A geo map of the world displays web sessions per country with the United States highlighted in dark gray, and a gray gradient scale underneath from light gray to dark and a range of 1 to 51,857.

Learn more about the charts you can use in Looker Studio.

Use breakdown dimensions to group data

Many charts allow you to group your data by multiple dimensions. Each dimension you add to the chart groups the data into ever finer levels of detail. The first dimension in the chart is the primary; additional dimensions are called breakdown dimensions (because they allow you to breakdown or sub-categorize your data into smaller chunks).

For example, in the following table, the primary dimension is Country, and the breakdown dimension is Year. The metrics in the table are aggregated first by country, then by year. (See below for more on how grouping affects metric calculation).

Country Year Population Internet Users Internet %
Iceland 2013 323,764 312,583 96.55%
Iceland 2012 320,716 308,560 96.21%
Bermuda 2013 65,001 61,945 95.30%
Norway 2013 5,079,623 4,828,354 95.05%
Iceland 2011 319,014 302,488

94.82%

...        

Making sense of multi-dimensional data in a table can be challenging. Using other visualization types, such as this stacked bar chart, can help make sense of complex data. For example, a stacked column chart can be used to display a comparison of internet users in China, the United States, Japan, India, Brazil, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and the Republic of Korea by year.

To see this data story told even better, check out the World Population Sample Report.

How metrics are calculated

In Looker Studio, metrics are calculated in two basic ways:

As overview totals

Metrics can be displayed as a summary statistic for the entire column (field) in your data set using the Scorecard chart.

The example below shows simplified data from Google Analytics. Here, the Avg. Time on Site metric is summarized for all users, regardless of any other consideration, such as whether they are new or returning visitors. The calculations for time on site are computed using the time difference between each user's initial session and the exit, with the sum of each session length averaged across three sessions.

A scorecard chart displays the overview metric for Avg. Time on Site for all users as the value 210.

In association with one or more dimensions

Metric values can be qualified by selected dimension(s). All the other chart types fall into this category.

In the following example, the bar chart pairs the Avg. Time On Site metric with the User Type dimension. This visualization lets you analyze this metric via returning vs new users, where the calculations are modified by the requested dimension.

A scorecard chart displays the overview metric for Avg. Time on Site split between the User Types Returning Users (135) and New Users (360).

Adding multiple dimensions to a chart refines your view of the data. For example, suppose you use both the User Type dimension and the Language dimension in a table to analyze time on site for your website. In this case, the calculation for new versus returning users is the same, but that calculation is aggregated per language. Your table might look like this:

User Type Language Avg. Session Duration
Returning Visitor zh-tw 00:04:54
New Visitor zh-tw 00:04:02
Returning Visitor en-us 00:03:51
New Visitor en-us 00:03:45
Returning Visitor en-gb 00:03:33
...    

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