Hi Free Job Alert!
Not exactly sure what you mean by "other types" of harmful issues. The term virus is generic and typically means some kind of harmful piece of code or data.
All uploaded files are scanned for known viruses. Of course, if there is a brand new virus type that is not yet known, it may be missed.
The only way any file already in your Google Drive cloud storage area (on the internet) can be infected is if there is some kind of virus running on a system that can access your Google Account. It will not happen from Google's side directly.
Thus of course if you have a computer or phone that has a virus running on it and you then connect to the internet, yes that virus will then gain access to your Google Drive cloud storage area data and could replace existing files with viruses or even lock your files with encryption.
Whether or not your website can be infected depends on your website. However, yes generally if you upload an infected data file/program to that website then it may spread that infection to other computers.
All that being said, generally your phones/tablets/computers should all be running antivirus protection, and those protection apps would also be scanning any data that you touch- so they themselves should be detecting and blocking any actions taken on data that appears to be a virus. That means they should detect the virus before it's allowed to finish being saved to your device/computer, and detect the virus if you attempt to use an infected file during upload/download.
Hope this clarifies things for you, but of course please feel free to inquire further!